Gordon Childe - Wikipedia. Vere Gordon Childe (1. April 1. 89. 2 . Gordon Childe, was an Australian archaeologist and philologist who specialized in the study of European prehistory. Working most of his life as an academic in the United Kingdom for the University of Edinburgh and then the Institute of Archaeology, London, he wrote twenty- six books and was an early proponent of culture- historical archaeology and Marxist archaeology. Born in Sydney, New South Wales to a middle- class family of English descent, Childe studied Classics at the University of Sydney before moving to England to study Classical archaeology at the University of Oxford. Here, he embraced the socialist movement and campaigned against the First World War, viewing it as a conflict waged by competing imperialists to the detriment of Europe's working class. Returning to Australia in 1. Australian Labor Party as the private secretary of politician John Storey. Growing critical of Labor, he authored an analysis of their policies and joined the far- left Industrial Workers of the World. Emigrating to London in 1. Royal Anthropological Institute and continued his research into European prehistory through various journeys across the continent, publishing his findings in academic papers and books. In doing so he introduced the continental European concept of an archaeological culture to the British archaeological community. From 1. 92. 7 through to 1. Abercromby Professor of Archaeology at the University of Edinburgh, and then from 1. Institute of Archaeology, London. During this period he oversaw excavation of a number of archaeological sites in Scotland and Northern Ireland, focusing in particular on the society of Neolithic. Orkney by excavating the settlement of Skara Brae and the chambered tombs of Maeshowe and Quoyness. Throughout, he continued to publish prolifically, producing excavation reports, journal articles, and books. With Stuart Piggott and Grahame Clark he co- founded The Prehistoric Society in 1. Remaining committed to his socialist ideals, he embraced Marxism, and used Marxist ideas as an interpretative framework for archaeological data. He also became a noted sympathiser with the Soviet Union and visited the country on a number of occasions, although grew sceptical of Soviet foreign policy following the Hungarian Revolution of 1. His beliefs resulted in him being legally barred from entering the United States, despite being repeatedly invited to lecture there. Upon retirement, he returned to Australia's Blue Mountains, there committing suicide. When I first learned about Transcendentalism, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau in high school English class, I admit: I couldn't figure out what the term. Editor's Note: While this article is at least 10 years old, to my knowledge it still offers one of the most comprehensive and effective record cleaning. There are many great speaches and talks given in the more distant past by the general authorities that those who were born in this century are not aware of. Roston is the best teacher ever. Although retired he still teaches at Bar Ilan and California. His lectures are well organized,interesting and put across with a. Man Researching Hillary Clinton found Dead, His Last Words Will Haunt You. We asked, and you voted in your thousands. And now, for your delectation, we have the results of the worst movies ever made poll. From the disappointing to the bad to. Widely regarded as one of the most important archaeologists and prehistorians of his generation, he became known as the . He was also renowned for his emphasis on the role of revolutionary technological and economic developments in human society, such as the Neolithic Revolution and the Urban Revolution, in this manner being influenced by Marxist ideas on societal development. Early life. He was the only surviving child of the Reverend Stephen Henry (1. Stephen Childe was a second- generation Anglican priest, ordained into the Church of England in 1. The counterculture of the 1960s refers to an anti-establishment cultural phenomenon that developed first in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US) and. What You Need to Know Before Crowdfunding Your Game. Dojo Games 8th of Feb, 2016. Walkthrough: Rancho Ranch. You have reached a web page that was created by Professor Frank Pajares. Portions of his web site have been archived and others have been moved to homes not. Music has always kept company with American wars. During the Revolutionary War, “Yankee Doodle” and many other songs set to reels and dances were sung to keep. BA from the University of Cambridge. Becoming a teacher, in 1. Mary Ellen Latchford, together having five children. They moved to Australia in 1. It was here that Mary died, and in 1. Stephen married Harriet, an Englishwoman from a wealthy background who had moved to Australia as a child. Gordon Childe was raised alongside five half- siblings at his father's palatial country house, the Chalet Fontenelle, in the township of Wentworth Falls in the Blue Mountains west of Sydney. Reverend Childe worked as the minister for St. Thomas' Parish, but proved unpopular, arguing with his congregation and taking unscheduled holidays. A sickly child, Gordon Childe was educated at home for a number of years, before gaining a private school education in North Sydney. In 1. 90. 7, he began attending Sydney Church of England Grammar School, gaining his Junior Matriculation in 1. Senior Matriculation in 1. At school he studied ancient history, French, Greek, Latin, geometry, algebra and trigonometry, achieving good marks in all subjects, but was bullied because of his strange appearance and unathletic physique. In July 1. 91. 0 his mother died; his father soon took Monica Gardiner as his third wife. Childe's relationship with his father was strained, particularly following his mother's death, and they disagreed on the subject of religion and politics, with the Reverend being a devout Christian and conservative while his son was an atheist and socialist. University in Sydney and Oxford: 1. At university, he became an active member of the Debating Society, at one point arguing in favour of the proposition that . Increasingly interested in socialism, he read the works of Marxism's founders Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, as well as those of philosopher G. Hegel, whose ideas on dialectics heavily influenced Marxist theory. Also while there, he became a great friend of fellow undergraduate Herbert Vere Evatt, with whom he remained in contact throughout his life. Ending his studies in 1. Childe graduated the following year with various honours and prizes, including Professor Francis Anderson's prize for Philosophy. He set sail for Britain aboard the SS Orsova in August 1. World War I. At Queen's, Childe was entered for a diploma in classical archaeology followed by a Literae Humaniores degree, although he never completed the former. Whilst there, he studied under John Beazley and Arthur Evans, the latter acting as Childe's supervisor. In 1. 91. 5, he published his first academic paper, . Becoming a noted member of the left- wing reformist Oxford University Fabian Society, then at the height of its power and membership, he was there in 1. Oxford University Socialist Society, following a split from the Fabian Society. His best friend and flatmate was Rajani Palme Dutt, a British citizen born to an Indian father and Swedish mother, who was a fervent socialist and Marxist. The two often got drunk and tested each other's knowledge about classical history late at night. With Britain in the midst of World War I, many socialists refused to fight for the British Army despite the government imposed conscription. They believed that the war was being waged in the interests of the ruling classes of the European imperialist nations at the expense of the working classes, and that class war was the only conflict that they should be concerned with. Dutt was imprisoned for refusing to fight, and Childe campaigned for his release and the release of other socialists and pacifist conscientious objectors. Childe was never required to enlist in the army, most likely because of his poor health and eyesight. The authorities were concerned by his anti- war sentiments; the intelligence agency MI5 opening a file on him, his mail was intercepted, and he was kept under observation. Early career in Australia: 1. In 1. 91. 8 he took up the post of Senior Resident Tutor at St Andrew's College, Sydney University, getting involved in Sydney's socialist and anti- conscription movement. In Easter 1. 91. 8 he spoke at the Third Inter- State Peace Conference, an event organised by the Australian Union of Democratic Control for the Avoidance of War, a group opposed to the plans by Prime Minister Billy Hughes and the centre- right Nationalist Party of Australia to introduce conscription. The conference had a prominent socialist emphasis, and its report argued that the best hope for the end to international war was the . News of Childe's participation reached the Principal of St Andrew's College. Under pressure from the university authorities, he forced Childe to resign despite much opposition from staff. With his good academic reputation, several staff members provided him with work as a tutor in Ancient History in the Department of Tutorial Classes, but he was prevented from doing so by the Chancellor of the University, Sir William Cullen, who feared that Childe would propagate socialism to students. This infringement of Childe's civil rights was condemned in the leftist community, and the issue was brought up in the Parliament of Australia by centre- left politicians William Mc. Kell and T. J. Moving to Maryborough, Queensland, in October 1. Childe took up employment teaching Latin at the Maryborough Grammar School. Here too his political affiliations became known, and he was subject to an opposition campaign from local conservative groups and the Maryborough Chronicle, resulting in abuse from disobedient pupils. He soon resigned. Realising that an academic career would be barred from him by the right wing university authorities, Childe turned to getting a job within the leftist movement. In August 1. 91. 9, he became private secretary and speech writer to politician John Storey, a prominent member of the centre- left Australian Labor Party then in opposition to New South Wales' Nationalist government. Representing the Sydney suburb of Balmain on the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Storey became state premier in 1. Labor achieved an electoral victory there. Working within the Labor Party allowed Childe to gain an . The greater his involvement, the more Childe became critical of Labor, believing that they betrayed their socialist ideals once they gained political power and moved to a centrist, pro- capitalist stance. He joined the Industrial Workers of the World, which in Australia served mostly as a centre of radical labourers within existing unions, and at the time was banned by the government as a political threat. In 1. 92. 1 Childe was sent to London by Storey, in order to keep the British press updated about developments in New South Wales, but in December Storey died, and a few days later the New South Wales elections restored a Nationalist government under the premiership of George Fuller. Fuller thought Childe's job unnecessary, and in early 1. London and early books: 1. An active member of the London socialist movement, he associated with leftists at the 1. Counterculture of the 1. Wikipedia. The counterculture of the 1. United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US) and then spread throughout much of the Western world between the early 1. London, New York City, and San Francisco being hotbeds of early countercultural activity. The aggregate movement gained momentum as the American Civil Rights Movement continued to grow, and became revolutionary with the expansion of the US government's extensive military intervention in Vietnam. This embracing of creativity is particularly notable in the works of British Invasion bands such as the Beatles, and filmmakers whose works became far less restricted by censorship. In addition to the trendsetting Beatles, many other creative artists, authors, and thinkers, within and across many disciplines, helped define the counterculture movement. Several factors distinguished the counterculture of the 1. The post- World War II . Kennedy in November 1. It became absorbed into the popular culture with the termination of U. S. Each movement is relevant to the larger era. The most important stand alone, irrespective of the larger counterculture. Poor outcomes from some of these activities set the stage for disillusionment with, and distrust of, post- war governments. In the US, President Dwight D. Eisenhower's initial deception. Kennedy in November 1. One was a nonviolent movement in the United States seeking to resolve constitutional civil rights illegalities, especially regarding general racial segregation, longstanding disfranchisement of blacks in the South by white- dominated state government, and ongoing racial discrimination in jobs, housing, and access to public places in both the North and the South. On college and university campuses, student activists fought for the right to exercise their basic constitutional rights, especially freedom of speech and freedom of assembly. The end of censorship resulted in a complete reformation of the western film industry. With new- found artistic freedom, a generation of exceptionally talented New Wave film makers working across all genres brought realistic depictions of previously prohibited subject matter to neighborhood theater screens for the first time, even as Hollywood film studios were still considered a part of the establishment by some elements of the counterculture. New radio. As the era progressed, many people established and populated new communities in response to not only disillusionment with standard community forms, but also dissatisfaction with certain elements of the counterculture itself. Some of these self- sustaining communities have been credited with the birth and propagation of the international Green Movement. The emergence of an interest in expanded spiritual consciousness, yoga, occult practices and increased human potential helped to shift views on organized religion during the era. In 1. 95. 7, 6. 9% of US residents polled by Gallup said religion was increasing in influence. By the late 1. 96. These included the wearing of very long hair by men. Ultimately, practical and comfortable casual apparel, namely updated forms of T- shirts (often tie- dyed, or emblazoned with political or advertising statements), and Levi Strauss- branded blue denim jeans. The fashion dominance of the counterculture effectively ended with the rise of the Disco and Punk Rock eras in the later 1. T- shirts, denim jeans, and casual clothing in general have continued to grow. Emergent middle- class drug culture. The explosion of marijuana use during the era, in large part by students on fast- expanding college campuses. The classification of marijuana as a narcotic, and the attachment of severe criminal penalties for its use, drove the act of smoking marijuana, and experimentation with substances in general, deep underground. Many began to live largely clandestine lives because of their choice to use such drugs and substances, fearing retribution from their governments. Many younger people began to show deep distrust of police, and terms such as . The distrust of police was based not only on fear of police brutality during political protests, but also on generalized police corruption - especially police manufacture of false evidence, and outright entrapment, in drug cases. In the US, the social tension between elements of the counterculture and law enforcement reached the breaking point in many notable cases, including: the Columbia University protests of 1. New York City. Underground figure Barry Miles said, . They saw peace, exploring a widened area of consciousness, love and sexual experimentation as more worthy of their attention than entering the rat race. The straight, consumerist lifestyle was not to their liking, but they did not object to others living it. But at that time the middle classes still felt they had the right to impose their values on everyone else, which resulted in conflict. These events served as inspiration for the . In the late summer of 1. Stephanstra. This second phase of Kommune 1 was characterized by sex, music and drugs. Soon, the commune was receiving visitors from all over the world, including Jimi Hendrix. Long hair for males during this time was considered an expression of political and social attitudes in communist Czechoslovakia. From the mid- 1. 96. Two years later, the municipal council in Pod. More than 1. 00 people cheered slogans such as . The state police arrested the organizers and several participants of the meeting. Some of them were given prison sentences. Strongly identified as part of the underground press, it was the subject of two celebrated obscenity trials, one in Australia in 1. United Kingdom in 1. Mexico City, as well as northern cities such as Monterrey, Nuevo Laredo, Ciudad Ju. Many Mexican rock stars became involved in the counterculture. The three- day Festival Rock y Ruedas de Av. Nudity, drug use, and the presence of the US flag scandalized conservative Mexican society to such an extent that the government clamped down on rock and roll performances for the rest of the decade. The festival, marketed as proof of Mexico's modernization, was never expected to attract the masses it did, and the government had to evacuate stranded attendees en masse at the end. This occurred during the era of President. Luis Echeverr. Anything that could be connected to the counterculture or student protests was prohibited from being broadcast on public airwaves, with the government fearing a repeat of the student protests of 1. Few bands survived the prohibition; though the ones that did, like Three Souls in My Mind (now El Tri), remained popular due in part to their adoption of Spanish for their lyrics, but mostly as a result of a dedicated underground following. While Mexican rock groups were eventually able to perform publicly by the mid- 1. Mexico by foreign acts lasted until 1. Contrary to previous protests, the Cordobazo did not correspond to previous struggles, headed by Marxist workers' leaders, but associated students and workers in the same struggle against the military government. Many states illegally denied many of these rights to African- Americans, and this was successfully addressed in the early and mid- 1. The 1. 96. 4 Free Speech Movement at the University of California, Berkeley, which had its roots in the Civil Rights Movement of the southern United States, was one early example. At Berkeley a group of students began to identify themselves as having interests as a class that were at odds with the interests and practices of the University and its corporate sponsors. Other rebellious young people, who were not students, also contributed to the Free Speech Movement. They differed from earlier leftist movements that had been more oriented towards labour activism, and instead adopted social activism. The movements began to wind down in the 1. The New Left also led to a revival of anarchism. Journals like Radical America and Black Mask in America, Solidarity, Big Flame and Democracy & Nature, succeeded by The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy. Social ecology, autonomism and, more recently, participatory economics (parecon), and Inclusive Democracy emerged from this. A surge of popular interest in anarchism occurred in western nations during the 1. In the 7. 0s, it was mostly composed of . By late 1. 96. 6, the Diggers opened free stores which simply gave away their stock, provided free food, distributed free drugs, gave away money, organized free music concerts, and performed works of political art. According to ABC News, . Student activism became a dominant theme among the baby boomers, growing to include many other demographic groups. Exemptions and deferments for the middle and upper classes resulted in the induction of a disproportionate number of poor, working- class, and minority registrants. Countercultural books such as Mac. Bird by Barbara Garson and much of the counterculture music encouraged a spirit of non- conformism and anti- establishmentarianism. By 1. 96. 8, the year after a large march to the United Nations in New York City and a large protest at the Pentagon were undertaken, a majority of people in the country opposed the war. In 1. 96. 1, at the height of the Cold War, about 5. Women Strike for Peace marched in 6. United States to demonstrate against nuclear weapons. The project was cancelled in 1. Wyhl inspired opposition to nuclear power in other parts of Europe and North America. Other activists, such as Gloria Steinem and Angela Davis, either organized, influenced, or educated many of a younger generation of women to endorse and expand feminist thought. Feminism gained further currency within the protest movements of the late 1. Students for a Democratic Society rebelled against the . The 1. 97. 0 pamphlet Women and Their Bodies, soon expanded into the 1. Our Bodies, Ourselves, was particularly influential in bringing about the new feminist consciousness. Free school movement. Influential books of the 1. Rachel Carson's Silent Spring and Paul Ehrlich's The Population Bomb.
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